Scientists from Cambridge University and NTU Singapore have found that slow-motion collisions of tectonic plates drag more carbon into Earth's interior than previously thought. They found that the carbon drawn into Earth's interior at subduction zones—where tectonic plates collide and dive into Earth's interior—tends to stay locked away at depth, rather than resurfacing in the form of volcanic emissions. Their findings, published in Nature Communications, suggest that only about a third of the carbon recycled beneath volcanic chains returns to the surface via recycling, in contrast to previous theories that what goes down mostly comes back up. One of the solutions to tackle climate change is to find ways to reduce the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere. By studying how carbon behaves in the deep Earth, which houses the majority of our planet's carbon, scientists can better understand the entire lifecycle of carbon on Earth, and how it flows between the atmosphere, oceans and life at the surface. The best-understood parts of the carbon cycle are at or near Earth's surface, but deep carbon stores play a key role in maintaining the habitability of our planet by regulating atmospheric CO2 levels. "We currently have a relatively good understanding of the surface reservoirs of carbon and the fluxes between them, but know much less about Earth's interior carbon stores, which cycle carbon over millions of years," said lead author Stefan Farsang, who conducted the research while a Ph.D. student at Cambridge's Department of Earth Sciences. There are a number of ways for carbon to be released back to the atmosphere (as CO2) but there is only one path in which it can return to the Earth's interior: via plate subduction. Here, surface carbon, for instance in the form of seashells and micro-organisms which have locked atmospheric CO2 into their shells, is channeled into Earth's interior. Scientists had thought that much of this carbon was then returned to the atmosphere as CO2 via emissions from volcanoes. But the new study reveals that chemical reactions taking place in rocks swallowed up at subduction zones trap carbon and send it deeper into Earth's interior—stopping some of it coming back to Earth's surface.   The team conducted a series of experiments at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, "The ESRF have world-leading facilities and the expertise that we needed to get our results," said co-author Simon Redfern, Dean of the College of Science at NTU Singapore, "The facility can measure very low concentrations of these metals at the high pressure and temperature conditions of interest to us." To replicate the high pressures and temperatures of subductions zones, they used a heated 'diamond anvil," in which extreme pressures are achieved by pressing two tiny diamond anvils against the sample. The work supports growing evidence that carbonate rocks, which have the same chemical makeup as chalk, become less calcium-rich and more magnesium-rich when channeled deeper into the mantle. This chemical transformation makes carbonate less soluble—meaning it doesn't get drawn into the fluids that supply volcanoes. Instead, the majority of the carbonate sinks deeper into the mantle where it may eventually become diamond. "There is still a lot of research to be done in this field," said Farsang. "In the future, we aim to refine our estimates by studying carbonate solubility in a wider temperature, pressure range and in several fluid compositions." The findings are also important for understanding the role of carbonate formation in our climate system more generally. "Our results show that these minerals are very stable and can certainly lock up CO2 from the atmosphere into solid mineral forms that could result in negative emissions," said Redfern. The team have been looking into the use of similar methods for carbon capture, which moves atmospheric CO2 into storage in rocks and the oceans. "These results will also help us understand better ways to lock carbon into the solid Earth, out of the atmosphere. If we can accelerate this process faster than nature handles it, it could prove a route to help solve the climate crisis," said Redfern. source: https://phys.org/news/2021-07-earth-interior-swallowing-carbon-thought.html

StudioARS Urbano v8.1.0.12   Urbano combines a standard engineering approach – working in plan and longitudinal sections, with modern requirements of using digital terrain models and displaying elements in 3D, exports to various BIM formats and imports of data on existing infrastructures from GIS databases. The entire project is saved in a standard DWG file, making it as easy as possible to edit and share projects and make backups. Catalogs of pipes, manholes and other elements that designers can use during their work are available by default, and they can easily make their own as well. The same is with templates for longitudinal and cross sections, tables and labels that can be edited and saved for future use. download: https://www.mirrored.to/files/WZHUDUXG/StudioARS.Urnano.v8.1.0.12.rar_links credit to Boot32  

Honeywell has unveiled a new rate sensor to help small satellites navigate increasingly crowded orbits above the Earth’s surface. The new micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based product provides low cost and power consumption in a smaller size than previous Honeywell offerings, while maintaining high performance levels. It is suitable for customers building smaller and lower-cost satellites, according to Honeywell. Honeywell’s HG4934 space rate sensor is roughly the same size and weight (145 grams) as a baseball. Compared to Honeywell’s previous rate sensors, it consumes only one-fifth the electric power, is more than 32 times lighter, and is 60 times smaller. It also is more tolerant of radiation, a key attribute in space. “With this new sensor, our customers can build smaller, lower cost satellites that are just as capable and reliable as their traditional predecessors, which will allow them to field new satellite technologies like 5G telecommunications or high-bandwidth global Internet,” said Mike Elias, vice president and general manager, Space, Honeywell Aerospace. “Furthermore, the number of satellites is only increasing, which leads to more crowded orbits. It’s critical that our customers have highly precise navigation solutions to help prevent accidents, which could knock functional satellites out of orbit.” A space rate sensor, also known as an inertial reference unit or IRU, is an inertial sensor composed of three gyroscopes that work together to sense rotation rates. They determine an aircraft or spacecraft’s change in rotational attitude over time and allow it to move from one location to another without using any external information. It can also serve as a backup solution to provide redundancy if other navigation systems fail. Celestial navigation options like star trackers are a popular method of obtaining pointing directions for satellites and spacecraft. This form of navigation uses angular measurements between objects in space (stars, planets, etc.) and the horizon to calculate location. However, sometimes these star trackers are blinded by the sun or affected by thruster gases. In this case, Honeywell’s HG4934 can act as a secondary method of attitude determination. source: https://aerospace.honeywell.com/us/en/learn/products/space/small-satellite-specific-bus-products/hg4934srs-3-axis-space-rate-sensor

Research in social and behavioral sciences has benefited from linear regression models (LRMs) for decades to identify and understand the associations among a set of explanatory variables and an outcome variable. Linear Regression Models: Applications in R provides you with a comprehensive treatment of these models and indispensable guidance about how to estimate them using the R software environment. After furnishing some background material, the author explains how to estimate simple and multiple LRMs in R, including how to interpret their coefficients and understand their assumptions. Several chapters thoroughly describe these assumptions and explain how to determine whether they are satisfied and how to modify the regression model if they are not. The book also includes chapters on specifying the correct model, adjusting for measurement error, understanding the effects of influential observations, and using the model with multilevel data. The concluding chapter presents an alternative model―logistic regression―designed for binary or two-category outcome variables. The book includes appendices that discuss data management and missing data and provides simulations in R to test model assumptions.   Linear Regression Models: Applications in R-P2P English | 2021 | ISBN: 0367753669 | 437 pages | True PDF | 104.53 MB download: https://nitro.download/view/C62E26ECE54B023/Linear_Regression_Models_Applications_in_R.pdf https://rapidgator.net/file/00c54e08ea74579de179cd06aaa786ab/Linear_Regression_Models_Applications_in_R.pdf.html  

Python has tremendous potential within the scientific computing domain. This updated edition of Scientific Computing with Python features new chapters on graphical user interfaces, efficient data processing, and parallel computing to help you perform mathematical and scientific computing efficiently using Python. Scientific Computing with Python: High-performance scientific computing with NumPy, SciPy and pandas, 2nd Edition-P2P English | 2021 | ISBN: 1838822321 | 374 pages | True (PDF EPUB MOBI) | 128.26 MB download: https://nitro.download/view/5E96E59862FC30B/Scientific_Computing_with_Python_High-performance_scientific_computing.zip https://rapidgator.net/file/f643c99f7e245445170812102358fb75/Scientific_Computing_with_Python_High-performance_scientific_computing.zip.html